Translate this website

LIKE US

Showing posts with label 4th Semester For IIUC-DC. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 4th Semester For IIUC-DC. Show all posts

MASS Communication

9:30 PM | 0 Comments


the transmission of messages from a sender to a large amount of people through various types of media, eg: newspapers, television etc.
the medium has to have the ability to reach a large audience.


Characteristics of Mass Communication

Five characteristics of mass communication have been identified by Cambridge University's John Thompson. Firstly, it "comprises both technical and institutional methods of production and distribution". This is evident throughout the history of the media, from print to the Internet, each suitable for commercial utility.

Secondly, it involves the "commodification of symbolic forms",as the production of materials relies on its ability to manufacture and sell large quantities of the work. Just as radio stations rely on its time sold to advertisements, newspapers rely for the same reasons on its space.

Mass communication's third characteristic is the "separate contexts between the production and reception of information", while the fourth is in its "reach to those 'far removed' in time and space, in comparison to the producers".

Mass communication, which involves "information distribution". This is a "one to many" form of communication, whereby products are mass produced and disseminated to a great quantity of audiences.

Characteristics of Mass Media

·         Communication is Mostly One Way

·         Audience Has Great Deal of Choice

·         Reach Large and Vast Audiences

·         Aim Messages to Attract Largest Audience Possible

·         Influence Society and Are, In Turn, Influenced by Society

Types of Communication

9:28 PM | 0 Comments

Communication can occur via various processes and methods and depending on the channel used and the style of communication there can be various types of communication.


Types of Communication Based on Communication Channels


Based on the channels used for communicating, the process of communication can be broadly classified as verbal communication and non-verbal communication. Verbal communication includes written and oral communication whereas the non-verbal communication includes body language, facial expressions and visuals diagrams or pictures used for communication.
• Verbal Communication


Verbal communication is further divided into written and oral communication. The oral communication refers to the spoken words in the communication process. Oral communication can either be face-to-face communication or a conversation over the phone or on the voice chat over the Internet. Spoken conversations or dialogs are influenced by voice modulation, pitch, volume and even the speed and clarity of speaking. The other type of verbal communication is written communication. Written communication can be either via snail mail, or email. The effectiveness of written communication depends on the style of writing, vocabulary used, grammar, clarity and precision of language.
• Nonverbal Communication


Non-verbal communication includes the overall body language of the person who is speaking, which will include the body posture, the hand gestures, and overall body movements. The facial expressions also play a major role while communication since the expressions on a person’s face say a lot about his/her mood. On the other hand gestures like a handshake, a smile or a hug can independently convey emotions. Non verbal communication can also be in the form of pictorial representations, signboards, or even photographs, sketches and paintings.
Types of Communication Based on Style and Purpose


Based on the style of communication, there can be two broad categories of communication, which are formal and informal communication that have their own set of characteristic features.
• Formal Communication


Formal communication includes all the instances where communication has to occur in a set formal format. Typically this can include all sorts of business communication or corporate communication. The style of communication in this form is very formal and official. Official conferences, meetings and written memos and corporate letters are used for communication. Formal communication can also occur between two strangers when they meet for the first time. Hence formal communication is straightforward, official and always precise and has a stringent and rigid tone to it.
• Informal Communication


Informal communication includes instances of free unrestrained communication between people who share a casual rapport with each other. Informal communication requires two people to have a similar wavelength and hence occurs between friends and family. Informal communication does not have any rigid rules and guidelines. Informal conversations need not necessarily have boundaries of time, place or even subjects for that matter since we all know that friendly chats with our loved ones can simply go on and on.

BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

9:24 PM | 0 Comments


No matter how good the communication system in an organisation is, unfortunately barriers can and do often occur. This may be caused by a number of factors which can usually be summarised as being due to physical barriers, system design faults or additional barriers.
Physical barriers  are often due to the nature of the environment.
Thus, for example, the natural barrier which exists, if staff are located in different buildings or on different sites.
Likewise, poor or outdated equipment, particularly the failure of management to introduce new technology, may also cause problems.
Staff shortages are another factor which frequently causes communication difficulties for an organisation.
Whilst distractions like background noise, poor lighting or an environment which is too hot or cold can all affect people's morale and concentration, which in turn interfere with effective communication.
System design  faults refer to problems with the structures or systems in place in an organisation.
 Examples might include an organisational structure which is unclear and therefore makes it confusing to know who to communicate with.
Other examples could be inefficient or inappropriate information systems, a lack of supervision or training, and a lack of clarity in roles and responsibilities which can lead to staff being uncertain about what is expected of them.
Attitudinal barriers  come about as a result of problems with staff in an organisation.
These may be brought about, for example, by such factors as poor management, lack of consultation with employees, personality conflicts which can result in people delaying or refusing to communicate, the personal attitudes of individual employees which may be due to lack of motivation or dissatisfaction at work, brought about by insufficient training to enable them to carry out particular tasks, or just resistance to change due to entrenched attitudes and ideas.


OTHER COMMON BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION INCLUDE:
Psychological factors  such as people's state of mind. We all tend to feel happier and more receptive to information when the sun shines.
Equally, if someone has personal problems like worries about their health or marriage, then this will probably affect them.
Different languages  and cultures represent a national barrier which is particularly important for organisations involved in overseas business.
Individual linguistic ability  is also important. The use of difficult or inappropriate words in communication can prevent people from understanding the message.
Poorly explained or misunderstood messages can also result in confusion. We can all think of situations where we have listened to something explained which we just could not grasp.
Physiological barriers  may result from individuals' personal discomfort, caused, for example, by ill health, poor eye sight or hearing difficulties.
Presentation of information  is also important to aid understanding.

Download Financial Management and Policy For 4th Semester

9:56 PM | 0 Comments

Financial Management and Policy Sheets Download Here (IIUC & IIUC-DC)

  1. Chapter 1
  2. Chapter 2 
  3. Chapter 3
  4. Chapter 3 (Copy)
  5. Chapter 6

Statistics Course Outline

7:26 AM | 0 Comments


International islamic university chittagong
Faculty of business studies
Department of business administration, Program: BBA
Course: STAT 2402: Business statistics
Number of crdits: 3, Contact hours:42

Course contents

Random variable and expectation: concept of random variable, discrete and continuous random variables, probability distribution of discrete and continuous random variables, expected value and variance of random variable, some properties of expectation and variance, joint probabiliy and marginal probability, expectation, variance, co-variance and correlation of joint random variable.

Univariate probability distribution: bionominal, poisson and normal distributions- their propertis and application to business data.

Sampling and sample design: Concept and importance of sampling with particular reference to business data, sampling with replacement and sampling without replacement, probability sampling and non probability sampling, simple random sampling, determination of sample size.

Test of hypothesis: Concept and importance, perliminaries- Null and alternative hypothesis, one tailed test and two tailed test, errors in hypothesis testing, acceptance region and rejection region, signficance level, p-value, power and size of the test. Steps of hypothesis test (cariance known or unknown), equality of several means test, variance test-significance of single variance, equality of two variance, test of independence in a contingency table.

Time series analysis: Meaning and importance, components in time series data, Matods of eliminating trends in time series data.

Index number: Meaning and importance, unweighted and weighted index numbers, test for index numbers, cost of living index number.

Statistical quality control: Importance, aspects of qualiy control of industrial products, techn;iques of quality control, control charts- variable and attribute control charts.

Book recommended

  1. Paul newblod, Willlium m. Carlson and Betty M. Thorne, Statistics for business and economics (Sixth ed.) Prentice Hall(Text)
  2. Richard I. Levin, David S. Rubin, Statistics for management (Seventh ed.) , Pentice hall


Evaluation criteria
Mid-term Examination                    30%Marks
Semester Final Examination             50%Marks
Internal Evaluation                           20%Marks

Live Shout

About